পরিচ্ছেদ ১: কেন এই টপিক এড়ানোর উপায় নেই
প্রতি বছর ৩৮তম থেকে ৪৭তম BCS পর্যন্ত প্রিলিমিনারি পরীক্ষায় Transformation ও Voice Change থেকে গড়ে ৪.২টি প্রশ্ন আসে। NTRCA স্কুল পর্যায়ে ৩-৪টি, কলেজ পর্যায়ে ৫-৬টি। ব্যাংক জব পরীক্ষায় শতভাগ নিশ্চিত ২-৩টি। সমস্যা হলো, আমরা নিয়ম পড়ি অনেক, কিন্তু প্যাটার্ন মাথায় ঢোকে না। পরীক্ষার হলে ‘Every man’ দেখে ‘There is no man who’ মনে পড়ে কি না সন্দেহ, আবার ‘One of the best’ দেখে ‘No other’ নাকি ‘Very few’ — এই দোটানায় ভুল হয়।
প্রচলিত পদ্ধতির সমস্যা
| সমস্যা | বাস্তবতা |
|---|---|
| ৩০-৪০টি নিয়ম মুখস্থ করতে হয় | পরীক্ষার হলে সব গুলিয়ে যায় |
| প্রতিটি টাইপের জন্য আলাদা সূত্র | কোন সূত্র কোথায় প্রযোজ্য মনে থাকে না |
| ‘সবসময়’ ‘কখনো’ ‘অনেকসময়’ টাইপের অস্পষ্ট নির্দেশনা | ভুল প্রয়োগ হয় |
| Practice করার সময় সঠিক, পরীক্ষায় ভুল | Confidence এর অভাব |
আমি ৪৩তম BCS-এ প্রিলিমিনারিতে পাস করার সময় ঠিক এই সমস্যায় ভুগছিলাম। তারপর IBA তে MBA করার সময় একটা জিনিস শিখলাম — জটিল জিনিস সরল করতে চাইলে ভিজ্যুয়াল ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক লাগবে। সেখান থেকেই এই বক্স মেথড তৈরি।
পরিচ্ছেদ ২: বক্স মেথড কী এবং কেন কাজ করে
বক্স মেথড হলো একটা decision tree চার্ট, যেখানে আপনি sentence দেখেই বুঝবেন কোন বক্সে ঢুকবেন এবং সেখান থেকে কোন পথে এগোবেন। মুখস্থ নয়, প্যাটার্ন রিকগনিশন।
মূলনীতি
- চিহ্নিতকরণ (Identification): বাক্যের structure দেখে টাইপ নির্ধারণ (Degree / Affirmative-Negative / Voice)
- বক্স নির্বাচন (Box Selection): নির্দিষ্ট বক্সে প্রবেশ
- ফর্মুলা প্রয়োগ (Formula Application): বক্সের ভেতরের ছক অনুসরণ করে রূপান্তর
- যাচাইকরণ (Verification): উল্টো দিক থেকে চেক করা
সুবিধা: একবার বক্সগুলো ভিজ্যুয়ালাইজ করতে পারলে আর ভুলবেন না। ডায়াগ্রাম মনে রাখা word list মনে রাখার চেয়ে সহজ।
পরিচ্ছেদ ৩: বক্স ১ — Degree Change (তুলনা পরিবর্তন)
কোর কনসেপ্ট
Degree of Comparison তিন ধরনের:
- Positive: He is tall.
- Comparative: He is taller than Rahim.
- Superlative: He is the tallest boy in the class.
পরীক্ষায় যা আসে:
- Positive → Comparative বা Superlative
- Superlative → Positive বা Comparative
বক্স ১ এর ছক
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ DEGREE CHANGE BOX │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ INPUT দেখুন → কোন Degree? │
│ │
│ [SUPERLATIVE দেখলে] │
│ ├─ 'The' আছে? → YES │
│ │ └─ Formula: No other + Noun + Verb + so/as + Adj. + as │
│ │ Example: The Padma is the longest river. │
│ │ → No other river is as long as the Padma. │
│ │ │
│ ├─ 'One of the' আছে? → YES │
│ │ └─ Formula: Very few + Plural Noun + Verb + so/as + │
│ │ Adj. + as │
│ │ Example: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities. │
│ │ → Very few cities are as big as Dhaka. │
│ │ │
│ [COMPARATIVE দেখলে] │
│ ├─ 'than any other' আছে? │
│ │ └─ Formula: No other + Singular Noun + Verb + so/as + │
│ │ Adj. + as │
│ │ Example: He is better than any other boy. │
│ │ → No other boy is as good as he. │
│ │ │
│ ├─ 'than most other' আছে? │
│ └─ Formula: Very few + Plural Noun + Verb + so/as + │
│ Adj. + as │
│ Example: He is smarter than most other students. │
│ → Very few students are as smart as he. │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
চিহ্নিতকরণ কৌশল (Identification Tricks)
ট্রিক ১: ‘The’ বনাম ‘One of the’
| দেখবেন | মানে | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| The tallest | একদম শীর্ষ (absolute top) | No other |
| One of the tallest | শীর্ষদের একজন (among the top) | Very few |
মনে রাখার উপায়: ‘One of’ মানে একা নয়, দল আছে → Very few ব্যবহার হবে (plural)
ট্রিক ২: Comparative-এ ‘any’ বনাম ‘most’
| Phrase | Positive-এ কী হবে | Example |
|---|---|---|
| than any other | No other (singular) | He is wiser than any other man → No other man is as wise as he |
| than most other | Very few (plural) | She is braver than most other girls → Very few girls are as brave as she |
Logic: ‘any other’ = সবার সাথে তুলনা → একক ব্যবহার; ‘most other’ = বেশিরভাগের সাথে তুলনা → বহুবচন।
নিয়মের গভীরতা
নিয়ম ১.১: Adjective পরিবর্তন
Comparative থেকে Positive যেতে Adjective এর মূল রূপ ব্যবহার হয়:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| little | less | least |
| much/many | more | most |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
Positive formula-তে: সবসময় মূল Positive form (good, bad, little…)
উদাহরণ:
- He is the best player. → No other player is as good as he. (best → good)
- This is the worst decision. → No other decision is as bad as this. (worst → bad)
নিয়ম ১.২: Subject-Object সমন্বয়
Original: Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.
[Subject] [Comparative adj] [Object]
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
[Object থেকে নেওয়া] [Positive adj] [Subject এ যাবে]
ধাপ:
- Comparative-এর Object → Positive-এর Subject
- Comparative-এর Subject → Positive-এর Object (as-এর পরে)
- Comparative adjective → Positive adjective
নিয়ম ১.৩: Negative Transformation
Positive sentence কে Negative-এ রূপান্তর:
Pattern A: as...as → not so...as
Example: He is as tall as you.
→ He is not so tall as you. (সমান নয়, একটু কম)
Pattern B: No other → Any other...not
Example: No other river is as long as the Padma.
→ Any other river is not as long as the Padma. (ভুল!)
সঠিক উপায়: No other ইতিমধ্যে negative, আবার not যোগ করা যাবে না।
বাস্তব পরীক্ষার প্রশ্ন বিশ্লেষণ
৪৫তম BCS প্রিলিমিনারি
প্রশ্ন: Dhaka is one of the most polluted cities in the world. (Positive Degree-তে রূপান্তর করুন)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত করি: ‘one of the most’ → Superlative (Very few pattern)
- Adjective: polluted (positive form একই থাকবে)
- Noun: cities → plural রাখতে হবে
- Formula: Very few cities in the world are as polluted as Dhaka.
ভুল উত্তর যা হয়:
- ❌ No other city in the world is as polluted as Dhaka. (কারণ: ‘one of’ ছিল, ‘the’ ছিল না)
- ❌ Very few city are as polluted as Dhaka. (কারণ: ‘city’ singular হয়ে গেছে, ‘cities’ হবে)
১৬তম NTRCA স্কুল পর্যায়
প্রশ্ন: Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Superlative Degree-তে)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত করি: ‘than any other’ → Comparative (No other pattern)
- No other pattern → Superlative-এ ‘the’ ব্যবহার হবে
- Formula: Iron is the most useful metal.
কেন ‘of all metals’ লাগবে না: ‘than any other metal’ ইতিমধ্যে বুঝাচ্ছে সব ধাতুর মধ্যে তুলনা, তাই ‘of all’ redundant।
অনুশীলনী (মাস্টারি চেক)
নিচের বাক্যগুলো রূপান্তর করুন:
- Cox’s Bazar is one of the longest sea beaches in the world. (Positive)
- He is braver than most other soldiers. (Superlative)
- No other planet is as big as Jupiter. (Comparative)
- The Meghna is the widest river in Bangladesh. (Positive, দুইভাবে)
- Very few Bangladeshi poets are as famous as Nazrul. (Superlative)
উত্তর (পর্ব ২-এর শেষে):
পরিচ্ছেদ ৪: বক্স ২ — Affirmative to Negative (এবং উল্টো)
কোর কনসেপ্ট
Affirmative = ইতিবাচক বাক্য (হ্যাঁ-সূচক) Negative = নেতিবাচক বাক্য (না-সূচক)
মূল নিয়ম: Meaning একই থাকতে হবে, শুধু structure পাল্টাবে।
৫টি প্যাটার্ন যা ৯৫% প্রশ্ন কভার করে
প্যাটার্ন ২.১: Every → There is no…who/which…not
Structure:
Affirmative: Every + Noun + Verb
Negative: There is no + Noun + who/which + do/does not + Verb
Example:
✓ Every mother loves her child.
→ There is no mother who does not love her child.
✓ Every cloud has a silver lining.
→ There is no cloud which does not have a silver lining.
Mnemonic: E-T-W-N (Every → There → Who → Not)
ভুলের জায়গা:
- ❌ There is no mother who loves not her child. (not-এর position ভুল)
- ❌ There is no mother which does not love her child. (who/which selection ভুল: মানুষ = who, বস্তু/প্রাণী = which)
প্যাটার্ন ২.২: Only / None but → Not + (any) but / None but
Structure A: Only ব্যবহার
Affirmative: Only + Noun + Verb
Negative: None but + Noun + Verb
অথবা: Not + anyone/anything + but + Noun + Verb
Example:
✓ Only Allah can help us.
→ None but Allah can help us.
→ Not anyone but Allah can help us.
Structure B: Alone ব্যবহার
Affirmative: Subject + alone + Verb
Negative: None but + Subject + Verb
Example:
✓ He alone can do it.
→ None but he can do it.
Mnemonic: O-N-B (Only → None → But)
Exceptional Case: ‘The only’ থাকলে pattern পাল্টে যায়
Affirmative: He is the only person who can solve it.
Negative: There is no other person but he who can solve it.
প্যাটার্ন ২.৩: Must → Cannot but / Cannot help
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + must + Verb (base form)
Negative: Subject + cannot but + Verb (base form)
অথবা: Subject + cannot help + Verb-ing
Example:
✓ We must obey our parents.
→ We cannot but obey our parents.
→ We cannot help obeying our parents.
✓ You must admit your fault.
→ You cannot but admit your fault.
→ You cannot help admitting your fault.
Mnemonic: M-C-B (Must → Cannot → But) অথবা M-C-H (Must → Cannot → Help -ing)
সূক্ষ্ম পার্থক্য:
- ‘cannot but + base verb’ = একটু formal
- ‘cannot help + verb-ing’ = একটু conversational
- অর্থ একই, উভয়ই সঠিক
প্যাটার্ন ২.৪: As soon as → No sooner had…than / Scarcely had…when
Structure:
Affirmative: As soon as + Subject + Verb (past) + Object, Subject + Verb (past)
Negative: No sooner had + Subject + Verb (past participle) + than + Subject + Verb (past)
অথবা: Scarcely had + Subject + Verb (p.p.) + when + Subject + Verb (past)
অথবা: Hardly had + Subject + Verb (p.p.) + when + Subject + Verb (past)
Example:
✓ As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
→ No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
→ Scarcely had he seen me when he ran away.
→ Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
Mnemonic:
- N-T (No sooner → Than)
- S-W (Scarcely → When)
- H-W (Hardly → When)
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ: Inversion হয় (had + subject আগে আসে)
ভুলের জায়গা:
- ❌ No sooner he had seen me than he ran away. (had-এর আগে subject)
- ❌ No sooner had he seen me when he ran away. (than নয়, when)
- ❌ Scarcely had he seen me than he ran away. (when নয়, than)
প্যাটার্ন ২.৫: Too…to → So…that…not / Not…enough to
Structure A: Too...to
Affirmative: Subject + Verb + too + Adjective + to + Verb
Negative: Subject + Verb + so + Adjective + that + Subject + cannot/could not + Verb
Example:
✓ He is too weak to walk.
→ He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Structure B: Enough...to (এটা ইতিমধ্যে Affirmative, Negative করতে হলে)
Affirmative: Subject + Verb + Adjective + enough to + Verb
Negative: Subject + Verb + not + so + Adjective + that + Subject + can/could + Verb
Example:
✓ He is strong enough to lift the box.
→ He is not so weak that he cannot lift the box. (double negative effect)
Mnemonic: T-S-N (Too → So → Not/cannot)
Logic: ‘too…to’ মানে ‘অতিরিক্ত…যাতে পারে না’ → ‘so…that cannot’ একই অর্থ দেয়।
বক্স ২ এর পূর্ণ ছক
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ AFFIRMATIVE ↔ NEGATIVE BOX │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ [EVERY দেখলে] │
│ → There is no + Noun + who/which + do/does not + Verb │
│ │
│ [ONLY দেখলে] │
│ → None but + Noun + Verb │
│ → Not anyone/anything but + Noun + Verb │
│ │
│ [MUST দেখলে] │
│ → Cannot but + Verb (base) │
│ → Cannot help + Verb-ing │
│ │
│ [AS SOON AS দেখলে] │
│ → No sooner had...than (N-T) │
│ → Scarcely had...when (S-W) │
│ → Hardly had...when (H-W) │
│ │
│ [TOO...TO দেখলে] │
│ → So...that...cannot/could not │
│ │
│ [Bonus: BOTH...AND] │
│ → Not only...but also │
│ Example: He is both intelligent and hardworking. │
│ → He is not only intelligent but also hardworking. │
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
পরিচ্ছেদ ৫: বক্স ৩ — Voice Change (কর্তৃবাচ্য ↔ কর্মবাচ্য)
কোর কনসেপ্ট
Voice দুই ধরনের:
- Active Voice (কর্তৃবাচ্য): কর্তা (Subject) কাজ করে → He writes a letter.
- Passive Voice (কর্মবাচ্য): কর্ম (Object) কাজের ভোগকর্তা → A letter is written by him.
মূল সমস্যা: Tense অনুযায়ী ‘be’ verb পরিবর্তন, Subject-Object স্থান বদল, এবং Verb-এর past participle form — এই তিনটা একসাথে মনে রাখা।
Voice Change-এর Universal Formula
Active: Subject + Verb + Object
Passive: Object + be (tense অনুযায়ী) + V3 + by + Subject (objective case)
Example:
- Active: I write a letter. (Present Simple)
- Passive: A letter is written by me.
ব্রেকডাউন:
- Object (a letter) সামনে আসলো
- ‘be’ verb (is) — Present Simple এর জন্য
- write → written (V3)
- Subject (I) → Objective case (me) হয়ে ‘by’ এর পরে গেলো
Tense অনুযায়ী ‘be’ Verb টেবিল (মুখস্থ করার দরকার নেই, প্যাটার্ন বুঝুন)
| Tense | Active Structure | Passive ‘be’ form | Example (Active → Passive) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | write/writes | am/is/are + V3 | He writes → is written |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are writing | am/is/are being + V3 | He is writing → is being written |
| Present Perfect | have/has written | have/has been + V3 | He has written → has been written |
| Past Simple | wrote | was/were + V3 | He wrote → was written |
| Past Continuous | was/were writing | was/were being + V3 | He was writing → was being written |
| Past Perfect | had written | had been + V3 | He had written → had been written |
| Future Simple | will write | will be + V3 | He will write → will be written |
| Future Perfect | will have written | will have been + V3 | He will have written → will have been written |
প্যাটার্ন চিনুন:
- Simple → ‘be’ একটা (is/was/will be)
- Continuous → ‘being’ যোগ (is being/was being)
- Perfect → ‘been’ যোগ (has been/had been/will have been)
বক্স ৩.১: Simple Sentence (সাধারণ বাক্য)
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SIMPLE VOICE CHANGE BOX │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ STEP 1: Tense চিনুন (verb দেখে) │
│ STEP 2: Object খুঁজুন (কাকে/কীসে?) │
│ STEP 3: Formula প্রয়োগ করুন │
│ │
│ [Present Simple] │
│ Active: S + V1/V1+s/es + O │
│ Passive: O + am/is/are + V3 + by + S (objective) │
│ Example: He reads books → Books are read by him │
│ │
│ [Past Simple] │
│ Active: S + V2 + O │
│ Passive: O + was/were + V3 + by + S │
│ Example: She wrote a poem → A poem was written by her │
│ │
│ [Future Simple] │
│ Active: S + will + V1 + O │
│ Passive: O + will be + V3 + by + S │
│ Example: They will build a house → A house will be built │
│ by them │
│ │
│ [Present Perfect] │
│ Active: S + have/has + V3 + O │
│ Passive: O + have/has been + V3 + by + S │
│ Example: I have finished the work → The work has been │
│ finished by me │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Trick: Subject-Object Case Conversion
| Active (Subject) | Passive (by এর পরে) |
|---|---|
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
| Who | whom |
Example with Pronoun:
- Active: I saw him. → Passive: He was seen by me.
- Active: They help us. → Passive: We are helped by them.
বক্স ৩.২: Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)
প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে দুই ধরন:
- Yes/No Questions (Do/Does/Did/Will দিয়ে শুরু)
- WH Questions (What/Where/When/Why/How দিয়ে শুরু)
Pattern A: Yes/No Questions
Structure:
Active: Do/Does/Did + S + V1 + O?
Passive: Am/Is/Are/Was/Were + O + V3 + by + S?
Example:
✓ Do you write letters?
→ Are letters written by you?
✓ Did he finish the work?
→ Was the work finished by him?
✓ Will they complete the project?
→ Will the project be completed by them?
Logic: Helping verb (Do/Does/Did) passive-এ ‘be’ form হয়ে যায় এবং সামনে চলে আসে।
Pattern B: WH Questions
Structure:
Active: WH + do/does/did + S + V1 + O?
Passive: WH + am/is/are/was/were + O + V3 + by + S?
Example:
✓ What do you want?
→ What is wanted by you?
✓ Where did he find the key?
→ Where was the key found by him?
✓ How will you solve this problem?
→ How will this problem be solved by you?
বিশেষ কেস: Who দিয়ে প্রশ্ন
Active: Who wrote this book?
[Who = Subject, এখানে Object নেই]
Passive: By whom was this book written?
[Who → Whom হয়, শেষে চলে যায়]
Alternative: Who was this book written by? (Informal, কিন্তু গ্রহণযোগ্য)
Mnemonic: W-B-W (Who → By Whom → Written)
বক্স ৩.৩: Imperative Sentence (আদেশ/অনুরোধ বাক্য)
Imperative sentence-এ Subject থাকে না (লুকানো থাকে ‘you’)।
Pattern A: Affirmative Imperative
Structure:
Active: V1 + Object
Passive: Let + Object + be + V3
Example:
✓ Open the door.
→ Let the door be opened.
✓ Write a letter.
→ Let a letter be written.
✓ Help the poor.
→ Let the poor be helped.
Mnemonic: L-B-V3 (Let → Be → V3)
ভুলের জায়গা:
- ❌ The door be opened. (‘Let’ বাদ পড়েছে)
- ❌ Let the door opened. (‘be’ বাদ পড়েছে)
- ❌ Let be opened the door. (Object আগে আসবে)
Pattern B: Negative Imperative
Structure:
Active: Do not/Don't + V1 + Object
Passive: Let not + Object + be + V3
Example:
✓ Do not tell a lie.
→ Let not a lie be told.
✓ Don't disturb me.
→ Let not me be disturbed. (Awkward!)
Better Alternative: Let me not be disturbed.
Logic: ‘Let not’ কখনো কখনো awkward শোনায়। সে ক্ষেত্রে Object যদি pronoun হয় (me/him/her), তাহলে ‘Let + Object + not be + V3’ ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Comparison:
- Let not a lie be told. (Formal, সঠিক)
- Let me not be disturbed. (Natural)
Pattern C: Request/Advice (Please/Kindly দিয়ে)
Structure:
Active: Please/Kindly + V1 + Object
Passive: You are requested to + V1 + Object
অথবা: Let + Object + be + V3 (standard imperative rule)
Example:
✓ Please help me.
→ You are requested to help me. (Better)
→ Let me be helped. (Grammatically correct but unnatural)
✓ Kindly submit the report.
→ You are requested to submit the report.
পরীক্ষায় কোনটা লিখবেন: ‘You are requested to’ বেশি natural এবং পরীক্ষায় এটাই বেশি marks পায়।
বক্স ৩.৪: Modal Auxiliaries (Can/May/Should/Must ইত্যাদি)
Modal দিয়ে তৈরি বাক্যের voice change সহজ:
Structure:
Active: S + Modal + V1 + O
Passive: O + Modal + be + V3 + by + S
Examples:
✓ I can do it.
→ It can be done by me.
✓ You should complete the task.
→ The task should be completed by you.
✓ They must obey the rules.
→ The rules must be obeyed by them.
✓ He may help you.
→ You may be helped by him.
✓ We ought to respect our teachers.
→ Our teachers ought to be respected by us.
Universal Formula: Modal + be + V3 (সব modal-এর জন্য একই)
ভুল এড়ান:
- ❌ It can done by me. (‘be’ missing)
- ❌ It can being done by me. (‘being’ লাগবে না, শুধু ‘be’)
বক্স ৩.৫: Special Cases (বিশেষ ক্ষেত্র)
Case 1: Double Object থাকলে (দুইটা Object)
Active: He gave me a book.
[Indirect Object: me, Direct Object: a book]
Passive (Option 1): I was given a book by him.
[Indirect Object সামনে]
Passive (Option 2): A book was given to me by him.
[Direct Object সামনে, Indirect-এর আগে 'to']
Common Verbs: give, send, lend, teach, show, tell, offer, promise
Rule:
- Indirect Object সামনে আনলে ‘to/for’ লাগবে না
- Direct Object সামনে আনলে Indirect-এর আগে ‘to’ (give/send/tell) বা ‘for’ (buy/make) লাগবে
Examples:
- He told me a story. → I was told a story by him. / A story was told to me by him.
- She bought me a gift. → I was bought a gift by her. / A gift was bought for me by her.
Case 2: Verb + Preposition (Phrasal Verb)
Phrasal verb-এ Preposition আলাদা করা যাবে না:
Active: They looked after the child.[look after = phrasal verb, অর্থ: দেখাশোনা করা]
Passive: The child was looked after by them.
[looked after একসাথে থাকবে]
NOT: The child was looked by them after. (ভুল!)
Common Phrasal Verbs:
- look after → was looked after
- laugh at → was laughed at
- listen to → was listened to
- deal with → was dealt with
- carry out → was carried out
- break into → was broken into
Case 3: Complex Sentence (That/Who clause)
Active: I know that he has done the work.
[Main clause + Subordinate clause]
Passive of subordinate clause:
→ I know that the work has been done by him.
[শুধু subordinate clause-এর voice পাল্টালো]
Passive of main clause:
→ It is known to me that he has done the work.
[It + be + V3 + to + Subject]
Logic: Complex sentence-এ যেটা পাল্টাতে বলবে, সেটাই পাল্টাবেন। Normally, subordinate clause পাল্টানো হয়।
Case 4: Infinitive (to + V1)
Active: I want to write a letter.
Passive:
→ I want a letter to be written. (Infinitive passive)
→ A letter is wanted to be written by me. (Full passive, awkward)
Better: Use infinitive passive only
Formula: to + V1 → to be + V3
Examples:
- I hope to see you. → I hope to be seen by you. (Awkward)
- He likes to read books. → He likes books to be read. (Awkward)
সত্য: Infinitive passive rarely natural শোনায়। পরীক্ষায় সাধারণত এই ধরনের জটিল structure আসে না।
বক্স ৩ এর পূর্ণ ছক (সব টাইপ একসাথে)
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ VOICE CHANGE MASTER BOX │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ [Type 1: SIMPLE SENTENCE] │
│ Formula: O + be (tense) + V3 + by + S │
│ Example: He wrote a book → A book was written by him │
│ │
│ [Type 2: INTERROGATIVE] │
│ Formula: (WH) + be + O + V3 + by + S? │
│ Example: Did you see him? → Was he seen by you? │
│ Special: Who → By whom (আগে), Who...by (পেছে) │
│ │
│ [Type 3: IMPERATIVE - Affirmative] │
│ Formula: Let + O + be + V3 │
│ Example: Open the door → Let the door be opened │
│ │
│ [Type 4: IMPERATIVE - Negative] │
│ Formula: Let not + O + be + V3 │
│ or Let + O + not be + V3 (for pronouns) │
│ Example: Don't tell lies → Let not lies be told │
│ │
│ [Type 5: IMPERATIVE - Request] │
│ Formula: You are requested to + V1 │
│ Example: Please help me → You are requested to help me │
│ │
│ [Type 6: MODAL AUXILIARY] │
│ Formula: O + Modal + be + V3 + by + S │
│ Example: I can do it → It can be done by me │
│ │
│ [Type 7: DOUBLE OBJECT] │
│ Option A: Indirect O + be + V3 + Direct O + by S │
│ Option B: Direct O + be + V3 + to/for + Indirect O + by S │
│ Example: He gave me a pen → I was given a pen by him │
│ → A pen was given to me by him │
│ │
│ [Type 8: PHRASAL VERB] │
│ Rule: Verb + Preposition একসাথে থাকবে │
│ Example: They laughed at him → He was laughed at by them │
│ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
পরিচ্ছেদ ৬: S-P-C Mnemonic — Sentence Type মনে রাখার চাবি
Transformation-এ প্রায়ই Simple, Complex, Compound-এ রূপান্তর করতে বলে। এদের পার্থক্য জানা থাকলে ভুল হয় না।
S-P-C Framework
S = SIMPLE (একটা Subject, একটা Finite Verb)
P = COMPLEX (Principal Clause + Subordinate Clause)
C = COMPOUND (দুই Independent Clause, সংযোগ: and/but/or)
Mnemonic: S-P-C → Single → Parent-child → Companion
- Simple = Single sentence (কোনো clause নেই)
- ComPlex = Parent-child relation (main + dependent clause)
- Compound = Companion (দুই সমান clause)
চিহ্নিতকরণ টেবিল
| Type | Structure | Connectors | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | 1 Subject + 1 Finite Verb | — | He is a good boy. |
| Complex | Main Clause + Sub Clause | that, which, who, when, if, because, though, although, as, since | He is a boy who is good. |
| Compound | Independent + Independent | and, but, or, so, yet, for | He is good and I like him. |
Finite Verb: মূল verb যার tense আছে (am/is/are/was/were + অন্যান্য)
Non-finite: Infinitive (to + V1), Gerund (V-ing), Participle (V-ing/V3)
Simple ↔ Complex ↔ Compound Transformation
Example Set 1: একটা Idea, তিন রূপ
Simple:
- In spite of his illness, he came to school. [Phrase: In spite of his illness]
Complex:
- Though he was ill, he came to school. [Subordinate clause: Though he was ill]
Compound:
- He was ill but he came to school. [Two independent clauses: He was ill + he came to school]
Example Set 2: সময় নির্দেশক
Simple:
- After finishing the work, he went home. [Phrase: After finishing the work]
Complex:
- After he had finished the work, he went home. [Subordinate clause: After he had finished]
Compound:
- He finished the work and then he went home. [Two independent: He finished + he went]
Conversion Formula টেবিল
| Simple Structure | Complex Structure | Compound Structure |
|---|---|---|
| In spite of + Noun/Gerund | Though/Although + Clause | but/yet |
| Because of + Noun | Because/Since/As + Clause | so/for |
| Being + Adj/Noun | As/Since + Subject + be | and/but |
| Too…to | So…that…cannot | and…cannot |
| Without + Gerund | If…not / Unless | or |
| At the time of + Noun | When + Clause | and then |
উদাহরণ প্রয়োগ:
Simple: Being poor, he could not buy the book.
Complex: As he was poor, he could not buy the book.
Compound: He was poor and he could not buy the book.
Simple: Without trying, you cannot succeed.
Complex: If you do not try, you cannot succeed.
Compound: Try or you cannot succeed.
পরিচ্ছেদ ৭: পর্ব ১ এর অনুশীলনীর উত্তর
প্রশ্ন ছিল:
- Cox’s Bazar is one of the longest sea beaches in the world. (Positive)
- He is braver than most other soldiers. (Superlative)
- No other planet is as big as Jupiter. (Comparative)
- The Meghna is the widest river in Bangladesh. (Positive, দুইভাবে)
- Very few Bangladeshi poets are as famous as Nazrul. (Superlative)
উত্তর:
১. Cox’s Bazar is one of the longest sea beaches in the world. (Positive)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: ‘one of the longest’ → Superlative (Very few pattern)
- Formula: Very few + Plural Noun + Verb + so/as + Adjective + as
- উত্তর: Very few sea beaches in the world are as long as Cox’s Bazar.
২. He is braver than most other soldiers. (Superlative)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: ‘than most other’ → Comparative (Very few-এর উল্টো)
- Superlative-এ যেতে হলে: ‘One of the + superlative’
- উত্তর: He is one of the bravest soldiers.
৩. No other planet is as big as Jupiter. (Comparative)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: ‘No other’ → Positive (Superlative থেকে এসেছিল)
- Comparative-এ যেতে: ‘than any other’
- Subject-Object swap: Jupiter (Object) → Subject হবে
- উত্তর: Jupiter is bigger than any other planet.
৪. The Meghna is the widest river in Bangladesh. (Positive, দুইভাবে)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: ‘The widest’ → Superlative (দুই pattern সম্ভব)
উত্তর A (No other): No other river in Bangladesh is as wide as the Meghna.
উত্তর B (Comparative থেকে Positive):
- প্রথমে Comparative: The Meghna is wider than any other river in Bangladesh.
- তারপর Positive: No other river in Bangladesh is as wide as the Meghna. (একই উত্তর)
Alternative Positive Form: The Meghna is wider than all other rivers in Bangladesh. (এটা Comparative থেকে সরাসরি, Positive না)
সঠিক দুইভাবে:
- No other river in Bangladesh is as wide as the Meghna.
- No other river in Bangladesh is so wide as the Meghna. (so…as = as…as, same meaning)
৫. Very few Bangladeshi poets are as famous as Nazrul. (Superlative)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: ‘Very few’ → Positive (Superlative থেকে এসেছিল)
- Superlative-এ ফিরে যেতে: ‘One of the + superlative’
- উত্তর: Nazrul is one of the most famous Bangladeshi poets.
পরিচ্ছেদ ৮: বাস্তব পরীক্ষার প্রশ্ন বিশ্লেষণ (Voice Change)
৪২তম BCS প্রিলিমিনারি
প্রশ্ন: The door should not be opened. (Active voice-এ রূপান্তর করুন)
সমাধান প্রক্রিয়া:
- চিহ্নিত: Modal auxiliary (should) + Negative
- Passive structure: Object + Modal + not + be + V3
- Active formula: Subject + Modal + not + V1 + Object
- Subject খুঁজুন: Passive-এ ‘by + Subject’ নেই → Generic ‘you/one/we’ ব্যবহার হবে
- উত্তর: You should not open the door. / One should not open the door.
ভুল উত্তর:
- ❌ You not should open the door. (‘not’ এর position ভুল)
- ❌ You should not opened the door. (opened → open হবে, V1 চাই)
১৭তম NTRCA কলেজ পর্যায়
প্রশ্ন: Let the door be shut. (Active voice-এ রূপান্তর করুন)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: Imperative passive (Let + O + be + V3)
- Active formula: V1 + Object
- উত্তর: Shut the door.
কেন ‘You shut the door’ নয়: Imperative-এ subject (you) লুকানো থাকে, লিখতে হয় না।
৪৬তম BCS প্রিলিমিনারি
প্রশ্ন: Who did this? (Passive voice-এ)
সমাধান:
- চিহ্নিত: Interrogative, Who = Subject
- Formula: By whom + was + Object + V3?
- উত্তর: By whom was this done?
Alternative (Informal): Who was this done by?
ভুল উত্তর:
- ❌ Whom was this done by? (‘By whom’ পুরোটাই সামনে আসবে)
- ❌ Who was done this? (Object আগে, Verb পরে)
পরিচ্ছেদ ৯: Common Mistakes এবং কীভাবে এড়াবেন
ভুল ১: Subject-Object Case মিলাতে ব্যর্থতা
ভুল উদাহরণ:
- Active: I saw he. ❌ (he → him হবে)
- Passive: He was seen by I. ❌ (I → me হবে)
সমাধান:
- Subject form: I, we, you, he, she, they, who
- Object form: me, us, you, him, her, them, whom
মনে রাখার উপায়: ‘by’ এর পরে সবসময় Object form।
ভুল ২: ‘be’ Verb না বসানো (Modal-এ)
ভুল উদাহরণ:
- Active: You should do it.
- Passive: It should done by you. ❌ (‘be’ missing)
সঠিক: It should be done by you.
কারণ: Modal-এর পরে সরাসরি V3 আসতে পারে না, ‘be + V3’ আসবে।
ভুল ৩: Phrasal Verb ভেঙে ফেলা
ভুল উদাহরণ:
- Active: They looked after the baby.
- Passive: The baby was looked by them after. ❌
সঠিক: The baby was looked after by them.
Rule: Phrasal verb একসাথে থাকবে।
ভুল ৪: Tense মিলাতে ব্যর্থতা
ভুল উদাহরণ:
- Active: He wrote a letter. (Past Simple)
- Passive: A letter is written by him. ❌ (Present Simple হয়ে গেছে)
সঠিক: A letter was written by him.
Checklist: Active-এ যে tense, Passive-এও সেই tense-এর ‘be’ verb বসবে।
ভুল ৫: Negative Imperative-এ ‘Let not’ এর অবস্থান ভুল
ভুল উদাহরণ:
- Active: Do not open the door.
- Passive: Let the door not be opened. ❌ (Acceptable, but less common)
- Better: Let not the door be opened. ✓
Rule: ‘Let not’ একসাথে রাখা বেশি formal।
পরিচ্ছেদ ১০: Final Master Cheat Sheet (পরীক্ষার আগের রাতে এটা দেখুন)
Degree Change (১ মিনিট রিভিশন)
| দেখবেন | করবেন |
|---|---|
| The + Superlative | No other + Singular + as…as |
| One of the + Superlative | Very few + Plural + as…as |
| than any other | No other + Singular + as…as |
| than most other | Very few + Plural + as…as |
Affirmative-Negative (১ মিনিট রিভিশন)
| দেখবেন | করবেন |
|---|---|
| Every | There is no…who/which…not |
| Only / Alone | None but / Not…but |
| Must | Cannot but / Cannot help + V-ing |
| As soon as | No sooner had…than / Scarcely…when |
| Too…to | So…that…cannot |
Voice Change (১ মিনিট রিভিশন)
| Type | Formula |
|---|---|
| Simple | O + be (tense) + V3 + by + S |
| Interrogative | (WH) + be + O + V3 + by + S? |
| Imperative +ve | Let + O + be + V3 |
| Imperative -ve | Let not + O + be + V3 |
| Modal | O + Modal + be + V3 + by + S |
| Who প্রশ্ন | By whom + was + O + V3? |
S-P-C Recognition (৩০ সেকেন্ড রিভিশন)
| Type | Marker |
|---|---|
| Simple | Phrase (In spite of, Because of, Being, Without) |
| Complex | Clause Connector (that, who, which, when, if, because, though) |
| Compound | and, but, or, so, yet |
পরিচ্ছেদ ১১: পরীক্ষার কৌশল (Exam Strategy)
Time Management
| Question Type | Time Allocation | Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| Degree Change | 30-40 seconds | Pattern চিনুন → Formula প্রয়োগ |
| Affirmative-Negative | 30-40 seconds | Keyword দেখুন → Direct formula |
| Voice Change | 40-60 seconds | Tense চিনুন → ‘be’ বসান → V3 দিন |
| S-P-C Transformation | 60-90 seconds | Structure চিনুন → Connector পাল্টান |
মোট ৫টি প্রশ্ন ≈ ৩-৪ মিনিট (BCS Preliminary-এ 200 নম্বর, 200 মিনিট → প্রতি নম্বর ১ মিনিট; এখানে ৫ নম্বর ৩-৪ মিনিটে শেষ মানে ১-২ মিনিট সেভিং)
Accuracy Checklist (উত্তর দেওয়ার আগে)
✅ Degree-এ:
- ‘The’ নাকি ‘One of the’ — দুবার চেক করেছি?
- Singular/Plural মিলেছে?
- Adjective-এর সঠিক form (good/better/best) ব্যবহার হয়েছে?
✅ Affirmative-Negative-এ:
- Meaning একই আছে?
- ‘not’ এর position সঠিক?
- Connector (than/when) মিলেছে?
✅ Voice-এ:
- Tense একই আছে?
- Subject-Object case (I/me, he/him) ঠিক?
- ‘be’ verb বসেছে (Modal-এ)?
Negative Marking Avoidance
BCS-এ প্রতি ভুল উত্তরে ০.৫০ নম্বর কাটে। সন্দেহ থাকলে:
- ৮০% নিশ্চিত → Mark করুন
- ৫০-৮০% নিশ্চিত → Pattern মিলিয়ে দেখুন, তারপর mark
- ৫০% এর কম → Skip করুন (অন্য প্রশ্নে সময় দিন)
পরিচ্ছেদ ১২: ৩০ দিনের Practice Plan
Week 1: Degree Change Mastery
- Day 1-2: Theory + Box 1 বুঝুন
- Day 3-4: 50টি Positive ↔ Comparative ↔ Superlative করুন
- Day 5-6: Past BCS প্রশ্ন (৩৮-৪৭তম) practice
- Day 7: Mock test (20টি প্রশ্ন, 10 মিনিট)
Resource: English For Competitive Exams (Professor’s), BCS Preli Solved (Oracle)
Week 2: Affirmative-Negative Mastery
- Day 8-9: Theory + Box 2 বুঝুন
- Day 10-11: প্রতিটি pattern (Every/Only/Must/As soon as/Too) এর ২০টা করে উদাহরণ
- Day 12-13: NTRCA past questions practice
- Day 14: Mock test (20টি, 10 মিনিট)
Week 3: Voice Change Mastery
- Day 15-17: Simple, Interrogative, Imperative — সব type practice
- Day 18-19: Modal ও Special cases (Double object, Phrasal verb)
- Day 20-21: Combined practice (Degree + Voice একসাথে)
Week 4: Integration ও Revision
- Day 22-24: S-P-C Transformation
- Day 25-26: Full-length mock (50টি mixed প্রশ্ন, 25 মিনিট)
- Day 27-28: Weak areas identify করে targeted practice
- Day 29: Cheat sheet revision
- Day 30: Light practice + confidence building
উপসংহার: মুখস্থ নয়, বুঝে প্রয়োগ
আমরা ৩টি বক্স শিখলাম:
- Degree Change Box — ‘The’ vs ‘One of the’, ‘any other’ vs ‘most other’
- Affirmative-Negative Box — E-T-W-N, O-N-B, M-C-B, N-T, S-W, H-W, T-S-N
- Voice Change Box — Tense চিনুন → ‘be’ বসান → V3 দিন
এই তিনটা ছক ভিজ্যুয়ালাইজ করতে পারলে আর কোনো confusion নেই। পরীক্ষার হলে sentence দেখেই বুঝবেন কোন বক্সে ঢুকবেন, কোন formula প্রয়োগ করবেন।
চূড়ান্ত পরামর্শ:
- নিয়ম মুখস্থ না করে প্যাটার্ন চিনুন
- প্রতিদিন ১০-১৫টা practice করুন (consistency জরুরি)
- ভুল হলে কেন ভুল হলো সেটা বুঝুন (শুধু সঠিক উত্তর মুখস্থ নয়)
- Past questions অন্তত ৩ বার solve করুন
মনে রাখবেন: BCS ও NTRCA-তে ইংরেজি গ্রামার থেকে ১৫ নম্বর আসে। Transformation + Voice থেকে ৫ নম্বর মানে পুরো ইংরেজির এক-তৃতীয়াংশ। এই ৫ নম্বর হাতছাড়া করার মানে নেই।
আপনার প্রস্তুতি শুভ হোক। জয় আপনার হবেই।
