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১. পরিচিতি ও পরীক্ষায় কৌশলগত গুরুত্ব

১.১ পরীক্ষায় প্রশ্ন বিতরণ ও নম্বর বিশ্লেষণ

১.২ Common Question Patterns (BCS 35th-50th বিশ্লেষণ)

সবচেয়ে বেশি আসা প্রশ্নের ধরন:

1. Tense Identification (৩৫-৪০%): সঠিক tense নির্বাচন
2. Subject-Verb Agreement (২৫-৩০%): Singular/Plural matching
3. Conditional Sentences (১৫-২০%): If-clause structures
4. Modal Usage (১০-১৫%): Can, could, may, might, should
5. Infinitive vs Gerund (৫-১০%): To + verb vs Verb + ing
6. Special Constructions (৫-১০%): Would rather, had better, let, make

২. Tense System: সম্পূর্ণ কাঠামো ও প্রয়োগ

২.১ Present Tense Group

২.১.১ Present Indefinite (Simple Present)

Structure:

Subject + Base form (V1) + Object
[3rd Person Singular: Subject + V1 + s/es + Object]

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

3rd Person Singular -s/-es Rules:

Base Verb শেষ → যোগ হয় → উদাহরণ
-o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, -z → -es → go→goes, teach→teaches, wash→washes
Consonant + y → -ies → study→studies, cry→cries
Vowel + y → -s → play→plays, enjoy→enjoys
অন্যান্য → -s → work→works, run→runs

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “Water ____ (boil) at 100°C.” → boils [চিরন্তন সত্য]
2. “He ____ (go) to mosque five times a day.” → goes [অভ্যাস]
3. “If he ____ (study) hard, he will pass.” → studies [Conditional Type 1]

Common Traps:

• ❌ “He go to school” → ✅ “He goes to school”
• ❌ “The earth move around the sun” → ✅ “The earth moves around the sun”
• ❌ “If he will study, he will pass” → ✅ “If he studies, he will pass”

২.১.২ Present Continuous (Present Progressive)

Structure:

Subject + am/is/are + V1+ing + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Stative Verbs যেগুলো Continuous হয় না:

Category → Verbs → Wrong → Right
Mental States → know, understand, believe, think (opinion) → He is knowing → He knows
Emotions → love, hate, like, prefer, want, wish → I am wanting → I want
Possession → own, belong, possess, have (ownership) → It is belonging → It belongs
Senses → see, hear, smell, taste, feel (involuntary) → I am seeing → I see

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “Look! The bus ____ (come).” → is coming [এখনই ঘটছে]
2. “I ____ (stay) with my uncle this week.” → am staying [সাময়িক]
3. “Water ____ (consist) of hydrogen and oxygen.” → consists [Stative verb, তাই Continuous নয়]

Common Traps:

• ❌ “I am having a car” → ✅ “I have a car” [possession]
• ❌ “He is knowing the answer” → ✅ “He knows the answer”
• ❌ “This book is belonging to me” → ✅ “This book belongs to me”

২.১.৩ Present Perfect

Structure:

Subject + have/has + V3 (Past Participle) + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Since vs For:

Since → নির্দিষ্ট সময়বিন্দু → Since 2020, Since Monday, Since morning
For → সময়কাল → For 5 years, For 3 months, For a long time

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “He ____ (finish) his work.” → has finished [ফলাফল এখন বিদ্যমান]
2. “I ____ (live) in Dhaka since 2015.” → have lived [Since দিয়ে]
3. “They ____ (go) to school already.” → have gone [Already দিয়ে]

Irregular Verbs (BCS-এ সবচেয়ে বেশি আসা):

Common Traps:

• ❌ “I have seen him yesterday” → ✅ “I saw him yesterday” [yesterday = definite time]
• ❌ “He has went” → ✅ “He has gone”
• ❌ “I am living here since 2015” → ✅ “I have lived here since 2015”

২.১.৪ Present Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + have/has + been + V1+ing + Object + (since/for + time)

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous:

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “It ____ (rain) since morning.” → has been raining [এখনও চলছে]
2. “How long ____ you ____ (wait) for me?” → have you been waiting
3. “I ____ (know) him for 5 years.” → have known [Stative verb, তাই continuous নয়]

২.২ Past Tense Group

২.২.১ Past Indefinite (Simple Past)

Structure:

Subject + V2 (Past form) + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Regular vs Irregular Verbs:

Regular Verbs (V1 + ed = V2):

Base → Past → Rule
work → worked → সাধারণভাবে +ed
love → loved → -e দিয়ে শেষ হলে শুধু +d
study → studied → Consonant+y হলে y→i+ed
stop → stopped → CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) হলে শেষ অক্ষর double+ed

Irregular Verbs (মুখস্থ করতে হবে):

Group 1: তিনটি Form একই

Group 2: V2 এবং V3 একই

Group 3: তিনটি Form আলাদা (BCS-এ সবচেয়ে বেশি Trap)

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “He ____ (come) here yesterday.” → came
2. “Bangladesh ____ (achieve) independence in 1971.” → achieved
3. “I ____ (see) him last week.” → saw

Common Traps:

• ❌ “I have seen him yesterday” → ✅ “I saw him yesterday”
• ❌ “He go there last night” → ✅ “He went there last night”
• ❌ “Did he went?” → ✅ “Did he go?” [Did-এর পরে V1]

২.২.২ Past Continuous

Structure:

Subject + was/were + V1+ing + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

When vs While:

When + Past Indefinite → যখন নির্দিষ্ট কাজ ঘটল
While + Past Continuous → যখন কাজ চলছিল

Example:
- I was reading when he came. (আমি পড়ছিলাম, তখন সে এলো)
- While I was reading, he came. (যখন আমি পড়ছিলাম, সে এলো)
- I was reading while he was writing. (দুটি কাজই একসাথে চলছিল)

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “I ____ (watch) TV when he came.” → was watching
2. “While she ____ (cook), I was reading.” → was cooking
3. “What ____ you ____ (do) at 8 PM yesterday?” → were you doing

২.২.৩ Past Perfect

Structure:

Subject + had + V3 (Past Participle) + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Sequence of Tenses (দুটি অতীত কাজ):

আগের কাজ → Past Perfect (had + V3)
পরের কাজ → Past Indefinite (V2)

Pattern 1: Before ব্যবহার
- The patient had died before the doctor came.
  (রোগী আগে মারা গিয়েছিল, ডাক্তার পরে এসেছিলেন)

Pattern 2: After ব্যবহার
- After I had finished my work, I went to bed.
  (কাজ শেষ করার পরে ঘুমাতে গেলাম)

Pattern 3: Already, just, scarcely ব্যবহার
- He had already left when I arrived.

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “The train ____ (leave) before I reached the station.” → had left
2. “After he ____ (finish) his homework, he went out.” → had finished
3. “I wish I ____ (study) harder.” → had studied

Common Traps:

• ❌ “The train left before I reached” → ✅ “The train had left before I reached”
• ❌ “If I knew, I would have told you” → ✅ “If I had known, I would have told you”

২.২.৪ Past Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + had + been + V1+ing + Object + (for/since)

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

BCS-এ কম আসে, তবে জানতে হবে:

1. “They ____ (wait) for 2 hours before the bus arrived.” → had been waiting
2. “How long ____ he ____ (work) before he retired?” → had he been working

২.৩ Future Tense Group

২.৩.১ Future Indefinite (Simple Future)

Structure:

Subject + shall/will + V1 (Base form) + Object

Shall vs Will:

BCS-এ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ: আধুনিক ইংরেজিতে সর্বত্র will ব্যবহার হয়। Shall শুধুমাত্র প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যে (Shall I/we…?) এবং formal contexts-এ।

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

Future Expressions (বিকল্প কাঠামো):

1. be going to + V1 → পূর্ব পরিকল্পনা/স্পষ্ট লক্ষণ
   - I am going to visit Sylhet next month. (পরিকল্পনা)
   - Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. (স্পষ্ট লক্ষণ)

2. Present Continuous → নিকট ভবিষ্যতের নিশ্চিত পরিকল্পনা
   - We are leaving for Cox's Bazar tomorrow.

3. Present Indefinite → Scheduled future
   - The train leaves at 6 PM.

4. be about to + V1 → একেবারে নিকটবর্তী ভবিষ্যত
   - The meeting is about to start.

Will vs Going to (Critical Difference):

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “I ____ (visit) Sylhet next week.” → will visit / am going to visit
2. “Look at the clouds! It ____ (rain).” → is going to rain
3. “The train ____ (leave) at 6 PM.” → leaves

২.৩.২ Future Continuous

Structure:

Subject + shall/will + be + V1+ing + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

BCS-এ কম আসে:

1. “This time tomorrow, I ____ (fly) to London.” → will be flying

২.৩.৩ Future Perfect

Structure:

Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Object

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন প্যাটার্ন:

1. “He ____ (complete) the work by tomorrow.” → will have completed
2. “By next year, I ____ (work) here for 5 years.” → will have worked

২.৩.৪ Future Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + shall/will + have + been + V1+ing + Object + (for/since)

প্রয়োগের ক্ষেত্র:

BCS-এ খুবই কম আসে।

৩. Subject-Verb Agreement: সম্পূর্ণ নিয়মাবলী

৩.১ মূল নিয়ম (Core Rules)

Rule 1: Singular Subject → Singular Verb, Plural Subject → Plural Verb

Singular:
- The boy plays cricket.
- He is a student.
- She has a pen.

Plural:
- The boys play cricket.
- They are students.
- They have pens.

Rule 2: দুটি Singular Subject যদি ‘and’ দিয়ে যুক্ত হয় → Plural Verb

✅ Ram and Rahim are friends.
✅ Bread and butter is my breakfast. [কিন্তু একই জিনিস বোঝালে Singular]
✅ The poet and novelist is coming. [একই ব্যক্তি]
✅ The poet and the novelist are coming. [ভিন্ন ব্যক্তি]

BCS Trap Questions:

Rule 3: Each, Every, Either, Neither দিয়ে শুরু → Singular Verb

✅ Each boy has a pen.
✅ Every student is present.
✅ Either of the boys is guilty.
✅ Neither of them knows the answer.
✅ Each of the students has submitted the assignment.

Common Errors:

• ❌ Each of the boys have a pen → ✅ Each of the boys has a pen
• ❌ Every one of them are present → ✅ Every one of them is present

Rule 4: Indefinite Pronouns (Singular)

Singular Indefinite Pronouns → Singular Verb:
- Someone, somebody, something
- Anyone, anybody, anything
- Everyone, everybody, everything
- No one, nobody, nothing
- Each, either, neither

Examples:
✅ Everyone is happy.
✅ Nobody knows the answer.
✅ Something is wrong.
✅ Either is acceptable.

Rule 5: Collective Nouns

Collective Noun as একক → Singular Verb
Collective Noun as সদস্য → Plural Verb

Examples:
✅ The committee has taken a decision. [একক]
✅ The committee are divided in their opinion. [সদস্যরা]
✅ The team is strong. [দল]
✅ The team are wearing their jerseys. [সদস্যরা]

Common Collective Nouns:
- team, committee, jury, family, government, audience, class, crowd, army, police

BCS-এ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Collective Nouns:

Rule 6: With, Together with, Along with, As well as → প্রথম Subject অনুযায়ী

✅ The teacher, along with the students, is coming.
✅ He, as well as his friends, was present.
✅ The boys, with their captain, are playing.

Formula:
A, with/along with/as well as B, → Verb follows A

Common Errors:
❌ The teacher with the students are coming
✅ The teacher with the students is coming

Rule 7: Either…or, Neither…nor → শেষের Subject অনুযায়ী

✅ Either you or I am wrong.
✅ Either he or his brothers are guilty.
✅ Neither the students nor the teacher is present.
✅ Neither the teacher nor the students are present.

Formula:
Either A or B → Verb follows B
Neither A nor B → Verb follows B

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “Either you or he ____ (be) wrong.” → is [he অনুযায়ী]
2. “Neither the boys nor the girl ____ (be) present.” → is [girl অনুযায়ী]
3. “Neither the manager nor the workers ____ (be) happy.” → are [workers অনুযায়ী]

Rule 8: Uncountable Nouns → Singular Verb

Uncountable Nouns (সর্বদা Singular):
- Information, advice, news, furniture, luggage, baggage
- Rice, wheat, sugar, water, milk
- Money, wealth, poverty
- Honesty, wisdom, knowledge

Examples:
✅ The news is false.
✅ His advice is valuable.
✅ All the furniture was stolen.
✅ Much money is needed.

Common Errors:
❌ These informations are useful → ✅ This information is useful
❌ Many furnitures → ✅ Much furniture / Many pieces of furniture

Rule 9: Plural-looking Singular Nouns

Subjects ending in -s but Singular:
- News, physics, mathematics, economics, politics, ethics
- Measles, mumps, rickets (রোগের নাম)
- United States, United Nations (সংগঠন/দেশ)
- Billiards, draughts (খেলার নাম)

Examples:
✅ Mathematics is difficult.
✅ The news is shocking.
✅ The United States is a powerful country.
✅ Physics is my favorite subject.

BCS Trap:

• ❌ “Mathematics are difficult” → ✅ “Mathematics is difficult”
• ❌ “The news are good” → ✅ “The news is good”

Rule 10: None (বিতর্কিত)

None of + Countable Plural → Can be Singular or Plural
None of + Uncountable → Singular

Formal: None is [সর্বদা Singular]
Informal: None are [যদি Plural sense থাকে]

Examples:
✅ None of the students is present. [Formal]
✅ None of the students are present. [Informal, widely accepted]
✅ None of the water is left. [Uncountable]

BCS-এ: উভয়ই সঠিক হতে পারে, context অনুযায়ী

Rule 11: Expressions of Time, Distance, Money → Singular

যদি পুরো পরিমাণ একক হিসেবে বোঝায় → Singular

✅ Five years is a long time.
✅ Ten miles is not a great distance.
✅ A thousand taka is not much.
✅ Two-thirds of the work is completed.

But:
✅ Five years have passed. [individual years]

Rule 12: Titles, Names → Singular

বইয়ের নাম, সংবাদপত্রের নাম, চলচ্চিত্রের নাম → Singular

✅ "The Arabian Nights" is an interesting book.
✅ "The Daily Star" is a leading newspaper.
✅ "The United States" is a powerful country.

৩.২ Complex Subject-Verb Agreement

Advanced Rule 1: Relative Pronoun (who, which, that)

Relative Pronoun-এর Verb → Antecedent অনুযায়ী

✅ He is one of the students who are intelligent.

[who → students (Plural)]

✅ He is the only one of the students who is intelligent.

[who → the only one (Singular)]

Formula: One of the + Plural Noun + who/that + Plural Verb The only one of the + Plural Noun + who/that + Singular Verb

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “She is one of the girls who ____ (be) present.” → are
2. “He is the only one of the boys who ____ (know) the answer.” → knows

Advanced Rule 2: Majority, Minority, A number, The number

A number of + Plural Noun → Plural Verb [অনেকগুলো]
The number of + Plural Noun → Singular Verb [সংখ্যাটি]

✅ A number of students are present. [many students]
✅ The number of students is 50. [the total count]

The majority of → যা follow করে তার উপর নির্ভর করে
✅ The majority of students are present. [students → Plural]
✅ The majority of the work is completed. [work → Singular]

Advanced Rule 3: All, Some, Most, None

All/Some/Most/None of + Countable Plural → Plural Verb
All/Some/Most/None of + Uncountable → Singular Verb

✅ All of the students are present.
✅ All of the water is finished.
✅ Some of the boys are absent.
✅ Some of the milk is sour.

Advanced Rule 4: There is/are

There + Verb + Subject → Verb follows Subject

✅ There is a book on the table. [a book → Singular]
✅ There are books on the table. [books → Plural]
✅ There is a pen and two books. [closest subject: a pen → Singular]

Special Case (দুই বা ততোধিক Subject):
✅ There is a pen and a book. [Singular]
✅ There are pens and books. [Plural]

৪. Modal Auxiliaries: সম্পূর্ণ বিশ্লেষণ

৪.১ Modal Verbs এর বৈশিষ্ট্য

Core Characteristics:

1. Modal + Base form (V1)
   ✅ I can swim.
   ❌ I can to swim.
   ❌ I can swimming.

2. কোনো -s/-es যুক্ত হয় না (3rd person singular-এও)
   ✅ He can speak English.
   ❌ He cans speak English.

3. Negative: Modal + not
   ✅ I cannot swim.
   ✅ He will not come.

4. Question: Modal + Subject + V1
   ✅ Can you swim?
   ✅ Will he come?

5. দুটি Modal একসাথে হয় না
   ❌ I will can do it.
   ✅ I will be able to do it.

৪.২ Individual Modal Analysis

4.2.1 Can / Could

Can:

Could:

Can vs Could (Politeness):

Less Polite → More Polite
Can you...? → Could you...? → Would you...? → Would you mind...?

Be able to (Substitute):

Present: am/is/are able to
Past: was/were able to
Future: will be able to
Perfect: have/has/had been able to

✅ I will be able to finish tomorrow. [❌ I will can finish]
✅ I have been able to solve it. [❌ I have can solve]

4.2.2 May / Might

May:

Might:

May vs Might (Probability):

100% certain: will
90% certain: should
50% certain: may
30% certain: might
10% certain: could

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “It ____ (rain) tomorrow.” → may/might rain [both acceptable]
2. “Students ____ (leave) the class now.” → may leave [permission]

4.2.3 Must / Have to / Should

Must:

Have to:

Must vs Have to:

Must:
- নিজের ইচ্ছা/সিদ্ধান্ত থেকে বাধ্যবাধকতা
- Past/Future form নেই
- Prohibition: must not

Have to:
- বাইরের নিয়ম/পরিস্থিতি থেকে বাধ্যবাধকতা
- All tenses এ ব্যবহার হয়
- No obligation: don't have to

Examples:
✅ I must study. [নিজের সিদ্ধান্ত]
✅ I have to study. [পরীক্ষা আছে বলে]
✅ You must not cheat. [নিষেধ]
✅ You don't have to come. [বাধ্যবাধকতা নেই]

❌ must not = don't have to [ভুল]
must not = নিষেধ
don't have to = দরকার নেই

Should / Ought to:

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “You ____ not smoke here.” → must not [prohibition]
2. “You ____ not come if you are busy.” → need not / don’t have to [no obligation]
3. “He ____ be sick. He looks pale.” → must [logical conclusion]

4.2.4 Will / Would / Shall

Will:

Would:

Would rather / Had better:

Would rather + V1 (বরং... করব):
✅ I would rather stay home than go out.
✅ Would you rather tea or coffee?

Had better + V1 (... করাই ভালো, নইলে...):
✅ You had better study hard, or you will fail.
✅ We had better leave now.

Note:
- had better > should (stronger advice with consequence)
- would rather = preference

Shall:

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “He ____ visit us daily when he was young.” → would [past habit]
2. “You ____ better consult a doctor.” → had [advice with consequence]
3. “____ I open the window?” → Shall [offer]

4.2.5 Dare / Need

Dare (সাহস করা):

As Main Verb:
✅ He dares to speak.
✅ He does not dare to speak.
✅ Does he dare to speak?

As Modal (mostly negative/interrogative):
✅ He dare not speak.
✅ Dare he speak?
❌ He dare speaks. [wrong]

Need (প্রয়োজন):

As Main Verb:
✅ He needs to study.
✅ He does not need to study.
✅ Does he need to study?

As Modal (mostly negative/interrogative):
✅ He need not study.
✅ Need he study?
❌ He need not to study. [wrong]

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “You ____ not come.” → need not [modal] or do not need to [main verb]
2. “How ____ you say that?” → dare [modal in question]

৪.৩ Modal Perfect (Modal + have + V3)

Structure: Modal + have + V3 (অতীতের কাজের অনুমান/সম্ভাবনা)

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “He ____ (reach) by now.” → must have reached [নিশ্চিত অনুমান]
2. “You ____ (tell) me earlier.” → should have told [অতীতে করা উচিত ছিল]
3. “If you had studied, you ____ (pass).” → would have passed [conditional 3]

৫. Conditional Sentences: সম্পূর্ণ কাঠামো

৫.১ Zero Conditional (সার্বজনীন সত্য)

Structure:

If + Present Indefinite, Present Indefinite

Use: চিরন্তন সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য, সাধারণ নিয়ম

Examples:

✅ If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
✅ If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
✅ If the sun rises, it becomes day.

৫.২ Type 1 Conditional (বাস্তবসম্মত ভবিষ্যত শর্ত)

Structure:

If + Present Indefinite, Future Indefinite (will + V1)

Use: ভবিষ্যতে ঘটার সম্ভাবনা আছে এমন শর্ত

Examples:

✅ If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
✅ If you study hard, you will pass.
✅ If he comes, I will meet him.

Variations:

If + Present, can/may/should + V1
✅ If you are free, you can help me.
✅ If it rains, we may cancel the trip.

Unless = If...not
✅ Unless you study, you will fail. [= If you don't study, you will fail.]

BCS Trap:

• ❌ “If it will rain, I will stay” → ✅ “If it rains, I will stay”
• ❌ “If he will come, I will meet” → ✅ “If he comes, I will meet”

৫.৩ Type 2 Conditional (অবাস্তব বর্তমান/ভবিষ্যত শর্ত)

Structure:

If + Past Indefinite, would/could/might + V1

Use: বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতের অবাস্তব/অসম্ভব শর্ত

Examples:

✅ If I were rich, I would buy a car. [আমি ধনী নই]
✅ If I had time, I would help you. [আমার সময় নেই]
✅ If he studied hard, he would pass. [সে কঠোর পড়ে না]

Special: “If I were” (Subjunctive)

Type 2-এ সর্বদা "If I were" (was নয়)
✅ If I were you, I would accept the offer.
✅ If he were here, he would help.
❌ If I was you... [Informal speech-এ চলে, কিন্তু Exam-এ ভুল]

I wish-এর ক্ষেত্রেও একই:
✅ I wish I were rich.
✅ I wish he were here.

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “If I ____ (be) you, I would accept.” → were
2. “If he ____ (have) money, he would buy a car.” → had
3. “If it ____ (rain), we would cancel the trip.” → rained

৫.৪ Type 3 Conditional (অবাস্তব অতীত শর্ত)

Structure:

If + Past Perfect (had + V3), would/could/might + have + V3

Use: অতীতের অবাস্তব শর্ত (যা ঘটেনি)

Examples:

✅ If I had studied, I would have passed. [পড়িনি, তাই পাসও করিনি]
✅ If he had known, he would have come. [জানত না, তাই আসেনি]
✅ If I had seen him, I would have told him. [দেখিনি, তাই বলিনি]

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “If I ____ (know), I would have told you.” → had known
2. “If he ____ (study), he would have passed.” → had studied
3. “If you had come earlier, you ____ (meet) him.” → would have met

Common Errors:

• ❌ “If I would have known” → ✅ “If I had known”
• ❌ “If he had studied, he would pass” → ✅ “If he had studied, he would have passed”

৫.৫ Mixed Conditionals

Type 1: Past condition, Present result

If + Past Perfect, would + V1 (present)

✅ If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.
   [অতীতে মেডিসিন পড়িনি, তাই এখন ডাক্তার নই]

Type 2: Present condition, Past result

If + Past Indefinite, would + have + V3 (past)

✅ If I were more careful, I would not have made that mistake.
   [এখন সাবধানী নই, তাই অতীতে ভুল হয়েছিল]

৫.৬ Conditional Summary Table

৫.৭ Alternative Conditional Structures

Without “If”:

1. Had + Subject + V3 (Type 3)
   ✅ Had I known, I would have come.
   [= If I had known, I would have come.]

2. Were + Subject + to V1 (Type 2, formal)
   ✅ Were I to go, I would tell you.
   [= If I went, I would tell you.]

3. Should + Subject + V1 (Type 1, formal)
   ✅ Should you need help, call me.
   [= If you should need help, call me.]

Unless (If…not):

✅ Unless you study, you will fail.
[= If you don't study, you will fail.]

✅ Unless it rains, we will go.
[= If it doesn't rain, we will go.]

❌ Unless you don't study... [double negative, wrong]

Provided/Providing (that), On condition (that):

✅ You can go provided (that) you finish your work.
✅ I will help you on condition that you pay me.

৬. Special Verb Constructions

৬.১ Infinitive (to + V1) বনাম Gerund (V+ing)

৬.১.১ শুধু Infinitive নেয় এমন Verbs

Pattern: Verb + to + V1

Common Verbs:
- want, wish, hope, expect, plan, decide, agree, refuse, promise
- learn, manage, fail, afford, deserve, offer, prepare
- tend, appear, seem, happen, pretend

Examples:
✅ I want to go.
✅ He decided to study.
✅ She hopes to pass.
✅ They agreed to help.

❌ I want going. [wrong]
❌ He decided studying. [wrong]

৬.১.২ শুধু Gerund নেয় এমন Verbs

Pattern: Verb + V+ing

Common Verbs:
- enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest, consider, mind, delay, postpone
- keep (on), practice, risk, deny, admit, imagine, miss
- appreciate, resist, escape, excuse, fancy, involve

Examples:
✅ I enjoy reading.
✅ He finished writing.
✅ She avoided meeting him.
✅ They suggested going.

❌ I enjoy to read. [wrong]
❌ He finished to write. [wrong]

Mnemonic: MEGAFEPS
M - mind, miss
E - enjoy, escape, excuse
G - give up
A - avoid, admit, appreciate
F - finish, fancy
E - escape
P - postpone, practice
S - suggest, stop

৬.১.৩ উভয়ই নেয় কিন্তু অর্থ বদলায়

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “I remember ____ (see) him yesterday.” → seeing [অতীতের স্মৃতি]
2. “Remember ____ (lock) the door.” → to lock [ভবিষ্যত কাজ]
3. “He stopped ____ (smoke).” → smoking [ধূমপান ছেড়ে দিল]
4. “He stopped ____ (buy) cigarettes.” → to buy [থামল এবং কিনল]

৬.১.৪ উভয়ই নেয় কিন্তু অর্থ একই

Verbs: begin, start, continue, prefer, like, love, hate

✅ I like to read. = I like reading.
✅ He began to sing. = He began singing.
✅ She prefers to walk. = She prefers walking.

৬.১.৫ Preposition + Gerund

All Prepositions + Gerund (not Infinitive)

✅ He is good at playing cricket.
✅ I am interested in learning French.
✅ She insisted on going.
✅ He succeeded in passing the exam.
✅ Thank you for coming.

❌ He is good at to play. [wrong]
❌ I am interested in to learn. [wrong]

Common Patterns:
- be used to + Ving (অভ্যস্ত)
- look forward to + Ving (অপেক্ষায় থাকা)
- object to + Ving (আপত্তি করা)
- be accustomed to + Ving (অভ্যস্ত)
- in addition to + Ving (ছাড়াও)
- with a view to + Ving (উদ্দেশ্যে)

BCS Trap:

• ❌ “I look forward to see you” → ✅ “I look forward to seeing you”
• ❌ “I am used to work here” → ✅ “I am used to working here”

৬.১.৬ Used to vs Be used to vs Get used to

Used to + V1: অতীতের অভ্যাস (এখন নেই)
✅ I used to play cricket. (আগে খেলতাম, এখন খেলি না)
✅ He used to live here. (আগে থাকতেন)

Be used to + Ving: অভ্যস্ত (বর্তমান)
✅ I am used to working hard. (কঠোর পরিশ্রমে অভ্যস্ত)
✅ He is used to eating spicy food.

Get used to + Ving: অভ্যস্ত হওয়া (প্রক্রিয়া)
✅ I am getting used to the new job. (অভ্যস্ত হচ্ছি)
✅ She got used to living alone.

৬.২ Causative Verbs (Make, Let, Have, Get)

Make (বাধ্য করা)

Structure: Make + Object + Bare Infinitive (V1)

✅ He made me laugh.
✅ They made him work.
✅ The teacher made the students stand up.

Passive:
✅ I was made to laugh. [Passive-এ "to" যুক্ত হয়]
✅ He was made to work.

Let (অনুমতি দেওয়া)

Structure: Let + Object + Bare Infinitive (V1)

✅ Let me go.
✅ He let her use his phone.
✅ Parents should let children play.

Passive:
✅ He was allowed to go. [Let-এর passive "be allowed to"]
❌ He was let to go. [wrong]

Have (কাউকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো)

Structure: Have + Object + Bare Infinitive (V1)

✅ I had him repair my car.
✅ She had her friend help her.

Alternative: Have + Object + Past Participle (V3) [কাউকে দিয়ে করানো]
✅ I had my car repaired.
✅ She had her hair cut.

Get (রাজি করানো / করিয়ে নেওয়া)

Structure 1: Get + Object + to V1 (রাজি করানো)
✅ I got him to help me.
✅ She got her friend to come.

Structure 2: Get + Object + V3 (করিয়ে নেওয়া)
✅ I got my car repaired.
✅ He got his hair cut.

Make vs Get:

Make → বাধ্য করা (force)
Get → রাজি করানো (persuade)

✅ I made him do it. (বাধ্য করলাম)
✅ I got him to do it. (রাজি করলাম)

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “He made me ____ (laugh).” → laugh [bare infinitive]
2. “I got him ____ (help) me.” → to help [to + V1]
3. “I had my car ____ (repair).” → repaired [V3]

৬.৩ Emphatic “Do”

Structure: do/does/did + V1 (জোর দেওয়ার জন্য)

✅ I do believe you. (আমি সত্যিই বিশ্বাস করি)
✅ He does work hard. (সে সত্যিই কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে)
✅ She did come yesterday. (সে সত্যিই গতকাল এসেছিল)

৬.৪ Would rather / Had better

Would rather (পছন্দ / বরং):

Structure: would rather + V1 (Base form)

✅ I would rather stay home.
✅ He would rather walk than drive.

With different subjects:
✅ I would rather you stayed home. [Past Indefinite]
✅ I would rather he didn't come.

Had better (করাই ভালো):

Structure: had better + V1 (Base form)

✅ You had better study hard.
✅ We had better leave now.
✅ You had better not go there. [Negative]

Note: had better > should (stronger, consequences implied)

৬.৫ Need not have + V3 vs Didn’t need to

Need not have + V3: করেছিল কিন্তু দরকার ছিল না
✅ You need not have come. (এসেছো, কিন্তু আসার দরকার ছিল না)

Didn't need to: করার দরকার ছিল না (করেছে কি না অনিশ্চিত)
✅ You didn't need to come. (আসার দরকার ছিল না)

৭. Participles: বিস্তারিত বিশ্লেষণ

৭.১ Present Participle (V+ing)

Uses:

As Adjective:

✅ a sleeping baby (ঘুমন্ত শিশু)
✅ running water (প্রবাহমান পানি)
✅ a barking dog (ঘেউ ঘেউ করা কুকুর)
✅ interesting book (মজার বই)

After Perception Verbs:

see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel + Object + V+ing

✅ I saw him crossing the road.
✅ She heard someone knocking at the door.
✅ We watched the birds flying.

৭.২ Past Participle (V3)

Uses:

As Adjective:

✅ a broken window (ভাঙা জানালা)
✅ stolen goods (চুরি করা মাল)
✅ fallen leaves (ঝরা পাতা)
✅ a tired man (ক্লান্ত মানুষ)

Present Participle vs Past Participle (Adjectives):

Common Pairs:

-ing (Active) → -ed (Passive)
interesting → interested
exciting → excited
boring → bored
tiring → tired
confusing → confused
amazing → amazed
disappointing → disappointed
surprising → surprised
frightening → frightened

BCS-এ আসা প্রশ্ন:

1. “The book is very ____.” → interesting [বইটি মজার]
2. “I am ____ in this book.” → interested [আমি আগ্রহী]
3. “The news was ____.” → shocking [খবরটি চমকপ্রদ]
4. “We were ____ to hear the news.” → shocked [আমরা হতবাক]

৭.৩ Perfect Participle (Having + V3)

Use: দুটি কাজের মধ্যে আগেরটি বোঝাতে

Structure: Having + V3, Subject + V2

✅ Having finished his work, he went out.
[= After he had finished his work, he went out.]

✅ Having eaten lunch, I went to bed.
[= After I had eaten lunch, I went to bed.]

৮. Subjunctive Mood

৮.১ Present Subjunctive

Use: আনুষ্ঠানিক প্রস্তাব, সুপারিশ, আদেশ, প্রয়োজনীয়তা

Structure: Subject + suggest/demand/insist/recommend/require + that + Subject + Base form (V1)

Verbs that take Subjunctive:
- suggest, recommend, propose, advise
- demand, insist, request, ask
- require, order, command
- prefer, urge

Examples:
✅ I suggest that he go there. [not "goes"]
✅ The doctor recommended that she take rest. [not "takes"]
✅ It is necessary that he be present. [not "is"]
✅ I insist that you come on time. [not "comes"]

Adjectives:
- It is important/necessary/essential/vital/crucial that...

✅ It is important that he attend the meeting.
✅ It is essential that she be informed.

BCS Trap:

• ❌ “I suggest that he goes” → ✅ “I suggest that he go”
• ❌ “It is necessary that he is present” → ✅ “It is necessary that he be present”

৮.২ Wish Sentences

Present Wish (অসম্ভব বর্তমান ইচ্ছা):

I wish + Past Indefinite

✅ I wish I were rich. [আমি ধনী নই]
✅ I wish I had a car. [আমার গাড়ি নেই]
✅ I wish he were here. [সে এখানে নেই]

Note: সর্বদা "were" (was নয়)

Past Wish (অতীতের অসম্ভব ইচ্ছা):

I wish + Past Perfect (had + V3)

✅ I wish I had studied harder. [আগে কঠোর পড়িনি]
✅ I wish I had met him. [তার সাথে দেখা হয়নি]
✅ I wish I had known the truth. [সত্য জানতাম না]

Future Wish (ভবিষ্যতে করবে এমন ইচ্ছা):

I wish + would + V1 (অন্যের কাজের জন্য)

✅ I wish he would come.
✅ I wish it would stop raining.

Note: I wish I would... সাধারণত ব্যবহার হয় না
✅ I wish I could go. [ক্ষমতার অভাব]

If only (আরও জোরালো Wish):

✅ If only I were rich!
✅ If only I had studied harder!
✅ If only he would come!

৯. Voice এবং Right Form

৯.১ Active to Passive Conversion এ Tense Maintenance

Active Voice → Passive Voice

Present Indefinite:
✅ He writes a letter. → A letter is written by him.

Present Continuous:
✅ He is writing a letter. → A letter is being written by him.

Present Perfect:
✅ He has written a letter. → A letter has been written by him.

Past Indefinite:
✅ He wrote a letter. → A letter was written by him.

Past Continuous:
✅ He was writing a letter. → A letter was being written by him.

Past Perfect:
✅ He had written a letter. → A letter had been written by him.

Future Indefinite:
✅ He will write a letter. → A letter will be written by him.

Modal:
✅ He can write a letter. → A letter can be written by him.

৯.২ Passive Voice এ V3 ব্যবহার

সকল Passive Construction-এ সঠিক V3 অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ:

❌ The book was wrote. → ✅ The book was written.
❌ He was saw yesterday. → ✅ He was seen yesterday.
❌ The work has been did. → ✅ The work has been done.

১০. Common Errors এবং Traps

১০.১ BCS-এ সবচেয়ে বেশি আসা ভুল

১০.২ Specific Trap Questions

Trap 1: Definite Time দিয়ে Perfect Tense নয়

❌ I have seen him yesterday.
✅ I saw him yesterday.

Yesterday/last week/ago → Past Indefinite

Trap 2: Did-এর পরে V1

❌ Did he went?
✅ Did he go?

Did + Subject + V1

Trap 3: Has/Have gone vs Has/Have been

He has gone to Dhaka. (এখনও ঢাকায় আছে)
He has been to Dhaka. (ঢাকায় গিয়েছিল, এখন ফিরে এসেছে)

Trap 4: Will vs Going to

তাৎক্ষণিক সিদ্ধান্ত → will
পূর্ব পরিকল্পনা → going to
স্পষ্ট লক্ষণ → going to

Trap 5: Make vs Let

Make + Object + V1 (বাধ্য করা)
Let + Object + V1 (অনুমতি দেওয়া)

Passive:
be made to + V1
be allowed to + V1 (not "be let to")

১১. Practice Strategy এবং Exam Tactics

১১.১ Study Routine (৩০ দিনের পরিকল্পনা)

Week 1: Foundation (দিন ১-৭)

Week 2: Subject-Verb Agreement (দিন ৮-১৪)

Week 3: Modals + Conditionals (দিন ১৫-২১)

Week 4: Advanced + Integration (দিন ২২-৩০)

১১.২ Question Solving Tactics

Tactic 1: Time Indicator Spotting

প্রথমেই Time Indicator খুঁজুন:

Yesterday, last week, ago → Past Indefinite
Since, for → Present Perfect
Tomorrow, next week → Future
Now, at present → Present Continuous
Always, every day → Present Indefinite

Tactic 2: Subject Identification

প্রথমে Subject চিহ্নিত করুন:

Singular Subject → Singular Verb
Plural Subject → Plural Verb
Each, Every, Either, Neither → Singular
With, along with → প্রথম Subject অনুযায়ী
Either...or, Neither...nor → শেষের Subject অনুযায়ী

Tactic 3: Modal Pattern Recognition

Modal দেখলে:
- পরে V1 আছে কি না চেক করুন
- have + V3 আছে কি না দেখুন (Modal Perfect)
- Double modal নেই তো?

Tactic 4: Conditional Structure Check

If দেখলে:
- If-clause-এ will আছে কি না
- Type 1/2/3 কোনটি বুঝুন
- Tense matching সঠিক কি না

Tactic 5: Elimination Strategy

১. স্পষ্ট ভুল option বাদ দিন (3rd person -s missing, wrong V3 etc.)
২. Tense mismatch বাদ দিন
৩. Subject-Verb mismatch বাদ দিন
৪. বাকি options-এর মধ্যে context fit করে কোনটি

১১.৩ Exam Day Protocol

Preliminary MCQ (১৮-৩০ সেকেন্ড/প্রশ্ন):

Step 1 (৫ সেকেন্ড): Subject + Time Indicator চিহ্নিত করুন
Step 2 (৫ সেকেন্ড): Option-গুলো স্ক্যান করুন (কোন forms আছে)
Step 3 (৮ সেকেন্ড): Rule apply করুন
Step 4 (৫ সেকেন্ড): উত্তর mark করুন + পরবর্তী প্রশ্নে যান

Doubtful Question: Mark করে পরে ফিরুন

Written Exam (২-৩ মিনিট/প্রশ্ন):

Fill in the blanks:
১. প্রথমে পুরো বাক্য পড়ুন
২. Subject চিহ্নিত করুন
৩. Time Indicator দেখুন
৪. Tense নির্ধারণ করুন
৫. Correct form লিখুন
৬. Re-check করুন

Error Detection:
১. প্রথমে Subject-Verb agreement check
২. Tense consistency check
৩. Modal/Conditional structure check
৪. Infinitive/Gerund check
৫. Participle (-ing/-ed) check

১২. Previous Years Analysis (BCS 40th-50th)

১২.১ Question Distribution

Analysis:

• Tense (সবচেয়ে বেশি): গড়ে ২টি প্রশ্ন প্রতি BCS
• Subject-Verb Agreement: গড়ে ১-২টি
• Modal: গড়ে ০-১টি
• Conditional: গড়ে ০-১টি
• Infinitive/Gerund: গড়ে ০-১টি

১২.২ Most Repeated Question Types

Type 1: Since/For দিয়ে Present Perfect (প্রায় প্রতি BCS-এ)

Pattern:
"I ____ (live) here for 5 years."
"He ____ (work) since 2015."

Answer: have/has + V3

Type 2: Conditional Type 2 (If I were you)

Pattern:
"If I ____ (be) you, I would accept."

Answer: were (সর্বদা "were", "was" নয়)

Type 3: Each/Every দিয়ে Subject-Verb

Pattern:
"Each of the boys ____ (have) a pen."
"Every student ____ (be) present."

Answer: Singular Verb (has, is)

Type 4: Irregular Verb V3 Trap

Pattern:
"He has ____ (go) to Dhaka."
"The work has been ____ (do)."

Answer: gone, done (not went, did)

Type 5: Stative Verb Continuous না

Pattern:
"I ____ (know) him for 5 years."
"He ____ (have) a car."

Answer: know, has (not am knowing, is having)

১৩. Quick Reference Tables

১৩.১ Tense Quick Reference

১৩.২ Modal Quick Reference

১৩.৩ Conditional Quick Reference

১৩.৪ Subject-Verb Agreement Quick Reference

১৩.৫ Common Irregular Verbs

১৪. Mnemonics এবং Memory Aids

১৪.১ Gerund-taking Verbs Mnemonic

MEGAFEPS PAID

M - mind, miss
E - enjoy, escape, excuse
G - give up
A - avoid, admit, appreciate
F - finish, fancy
E - escape
P - postpone, practice, put off
S - suggest, stop

P - propose
A - avoid
I - imagine
D - deny, delay

১৪.২ Infinitive-taking Verbs Mnemonic

WHADPP

W - want, wish
H - hope
A - agree, afford, appear
D - decide, deserve
P - plan, promise, prepare
P - pretend, proceed

১৪.৩ Stative Verbs Mnemonic

“HELP SLOW”

H - have (ownership), hear
E - envy
L - love, like
P - prefer, possess

S - see, seem, suppose
L - lack, loathe
O - own, owe
W - want, wish

১৪.৪ Irregular Verbs Groups

Group: ABB Pattern (V1 ≠ V2 = V3)

bring-brought-brought
buy-bought-bought
catch-caught-caught
teach-taught-taught
think-thought-thought
fight-fought-fought

Group: ABC Pattern (সব আলাদা)

go-went-gone
do-did-done
see-saw-seen
take-took-taken
write-wrote-written
speak-spoke-spoken

Group: AAA Pattern (সব একই)

cut-cut-cut
put-put-put
let-let-let
set-set-set
hurt-hurt-hurt

১৫. Final Checklist এবং Exam Tips

১৫.১ Pre-Exam Checklist

১ সপ্তাহ আগে:

• [ ] সব Tense-এর structure মুখস্থ
• [ ] Top 100 Irregular Verbs মুখস্থ
• [ ] Subject-Verb Agreement এর ১২টি নিয়ম revision
• [ ] Modal Auxiliaries এর uses clear
• [ ] Conditional সব types clear

১ দিন আগে:

• [ ] Quick Reference Tables revision
• [ ] Common Errors list দেখা
• [ ] Previous Year Questions দেখা
• [ ] Light practice (stress নেবেন না)

পরীক্ষার দিন:

• [ ] Tactics মনে করা
• [ ] Time management plan ready
• [ ] Confident mindset

১৫.২ Common Mistakes to Avoid

✗ Overthinking simple questions
✗ Changing first answer without strong reason
✗ Spending too much time on one question
✗ Forgetting to check Subject-Verb agreement
✗ Ignoring Time Indicators
✗ Confusing V2 and V3
✗ Using will in If-clause (Type 1)
✗ Using was instead of were (Conditional Type 2, Wish)

১৫.৩ Last-Minute Revision Points

যদি মাত্র ১ ঘণ্টা সময় থাকে:

1. Tense Time Indicators (১০ মিনিট)
2. Irregular Verbs V2/V3 (১৫ মিনিট)
3. Subject-Verb Agreement Rules (১৫ মিনিট)
4. Modal Structures (১০ মিনিট)
5. Conditional Structures (১০ মিনিট)

যদি মাত্র ১৫ মিনিট সময় থাকে:

1. Since/For → Present Perfect
2. Each/Every → Singular
3. If I were you → were
4. Has/Have → V3 (not V2)
5. Enjoy → Gerund
6. Want → Infinitive
7. Did → V1
8. Must not ≠ Don’t have to

সমাপ্তি

এই সম্পূর্ণ গাইডটি Right Form of Verb-এর সকল দিক cover করেছে। নিয়মিত অনুশীলন এবং Previous Year Questions সমাধান করলে এই বিষয়ে পূর্ণ দক্ষতা অর্জন সম্ভব।

মনে রাখবেন:

• প্রতিদিন ৫০টি MCQ practice করুন
• ভুল প্রশ্নগুলো নোট করুন এবং কেন ভুল হয়েছে বুঝুন
• Time Indicators এবং Subject চিহ্নিত করার অভ্যাস করুন
• Irregular Verbs-এর তালিকা নিয়মিত revision করুন
• Confident থাকুন, এটি কঠিন বিষয় নয়

সফলতা আপনার হবেই। শুভকামনা!

Last Updated on 2 hours ago by Asiful Haque

লেখক: মো. আসিফুল হক

সহকারী কমিশনার ও নির্বাহী ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট
৪৩তম বিসিএস (প্রশাসন ক্যাডার)
কুমিল্লা জেলা প্রশাসকের কার্যালয়

শিক্ষা: MBA (IBA), BSc in CSE (BUET)

বিসিএস পরীক্ষায় সফল হওয়ার পর সরকারি প্রশাসনে যোগদান করেছি ২০২৫ সালে। প্রতিদিন মাঠ পর্যায়ে সংবিধান, আইন, ও প্রশাসনিক নির্দেশনা প্রয়োগ করার অভিজ্ঞতা থেকে লিখি এই ব্লগ।

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